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      The cityscape of Rio de Janeiro and its spectacular surroundings are one of the world's magnificent scenes. It combines a vibrant, teeming city with glorious coastline and awe-inspiring landscape. The area was first discovered in 1502 by a relatively unknown Portuguese navigator, Gaspar de Lemos. He called the city Rio de Janeiro, 'January River', because he thought he was at the mouth of a river and that the adjacent bays were a miracle of geology. Initially, the Portuguese did not focus much attention on the area, despite its natural beauty, and preferred the more spiritual Salvador.
     Consequently Rio was subjected to several influences, notably periods of French and Spanish rule. The Portuguese gained control again in the 16th Century and over a period of 150 years erected a series of six major forts along the coast and in the hills. The city became a departure point for large amounts of gold extracted inland to be shipped to the Iberian coast. Inevitably this precious cargo attracted the attention of pirates and Rio was attacked on a number of occasions, the most serious of which was in 1711 when the city was set on fire. Despite this and hostilities from native Indians, during the 1800s thousands of European settlers continued to come to the city to seek their fortune.
     The biggest influx was from Germany, Italy and Portugal. The present population of Rio is some seven million people, Brazil's second largest city. The statue of Christ towering above Rio on Corcovado mountain is one of the world's best known sights, along with Påo de Açucar (Sugar Loaf Mountain). The Rio coastline along the Atlantic Ocean extends for some 320km and includes probably the best known beach in the world, Copacabana, as well as several other excellent beaches, notably Ipanema and Barra.
     The luxury hotels that line the coast form a striking contrast to the favelas shanty towns on the hillsides behind. According to a local saying, happiness is found in the small things: a cool beer on the beach ('chopp' is cheaper than water), the rhythms of samba music, a jog along the Copacabana. Plus of course the world-famous Rio carnival and the national obsession - soccer. The Brazilian joy for life, 'saudade', is symbolised in the thrilling city of Rio.

     A stunning city of complex culture, tradition and charm, Buenos Aires is an extraordinary melting pot of the various civilisations that have contributed to its development. The years immediately after its colonisation by Spain in the 16th Century - it was founded by Spanish noble Pedro de Mendoza in 1536 - were marked by turbulence and resistance at the hands of the native Indian tribes, the Querandì.
     Development of the town was interrupted several times and in 1580 it was rebuilt at the mouth of the Paranà river. But by the time of Argentine independence in 1816 and into the 20th Century, Buenos Aires had become one of the most dynamic cities in South America, attracting thousands of European immigrants.
     The Italians, French, English, Germans, Dutch and Belgians all established their own distinctive communities, contributing to what French architect Le Corbusier described in 1922 as a giant urban centre of insatiable energy. The Buenos Aires of today is no less energetic, evident in every metre of the huge conurbation that is home to 12 million people, one third of the total population of Argentina. The setting of Buenos Aires is spectacular, lying on the estuary of the River Plate and surrounded by vast pampas.
     The city is blessed with numerous art galleries and museums reflecting its multi-cultural influences. Tree-lined streets and various plazas give the city centre a pleasant, European atmosphere and the downtown area is packed with restaurants, bars and fashionable shops. The nearby barrios are particularly interesting, home of some of the city's wealthiest citizens. One of the most colourful quarters is the Italian suburb of La Boca, lined with wooden houses painted in yellow and blue, the colour of the Boca Juniors soccer team. The residents can be heard speaking in the Ligurian dialect of their Italian ancestors.

     Punta del Este is the Monte Carlo of Uruguay, the most exclusive resort in the country. The marina is a scene of millionaire's yachts, expensive bars and chic boutiques.
     The city is a magnet for the rich and famous of Latin American society, from politicians to pop stars. An all-year-round sporting paradise, the resort offers a host of activities including deep-sea fishing, golf and a variety of watersports, plus a casino and several exclusive clubs. The city is one of charming architecture and elegant buildings, with top-class restaurants and prestigious art galleries.
     The residential areas are characterised by luxurious houses and delightful gardens. Nearby there are numerous parks including Isla Gorriti, which features the remains of an 18th Century fortress. The Isla de Lobos nature reserve is visited each year by one of the largest colonies of sea-lions.

     After having discovered Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese visited the Garoupas region many times in their quest to occupy and colonise the land. However, the region was not rich in gold mines, which at the time was the Portuguese monarch's main interest.
     The stories told by navigators were always the same: they referred to the lack of gold mines, the proximity of the mountains to the sea, and the marshy land which was unsuitable for farming. They also talked of the existence of a bay with tranquil and navigable waters. In its waters and on the small island of the same bay, boats could be sheltered from heavy storms and winds in total safety.
     The first isolated attempt to occupy the land took place in 1703; the Portuguese, Domingos de Oliveira Rosasi, stationed himself in the bay in search of gold. He did, however, abandon his search as he realised that the mines were scarce and insufficient to survive on. In 1753, the Portuguese government decided to establish its first colony here by sending 60 couples from the Azores to the island.
     The growth of this settlement was slow and problematic due to the climatic difficulties, the attacks from the Spanish and their being left to their own devices far from the administrative centre of the captaincy of Santa Catarina. In 1818, 101 people from a fishing colony in Ericeira in Portugal were sent to this village in Garoupas Bay which was consequently named Nova Ericeira; they were to colonise the land and start their fishing activities in the area. The name Nova Ericeira was not established with ease because the area continued to be known as Enseada das Garoupas (Garoupas Bay) until 13 October 1832, when it was named Vila de Porto Belo (city of Porto Belo) for its beautiful and serene seas.
     Porto Belo is rich in folklore and its fishing activities have given the incentive to produce craftwork artefacts, such as nets, trammel nets, boats, oars, baskets and other objects. Many local craftsmen dedicate themselves to ceramics, painting, wood engraving, navigation charts, leather goods, miniature replicas of boats, etc. An important handicraft worth mentioning which originated from the Azores is the famous pillow lace. This is made by the women in the community who gather at the traditional Local Mothers Club.
     Due to Porto Belo's geographical location on the coastline, its cuisine is based on seafood. The menu is very varied: fried and grilled fish, fish stew, lightly cooked prawns, cooked seafood, siri crab soup, fish slices, and many other appetising recipes and snacks. These dishes can be accompanied by manioc flour or "cachaça do Pedro Alemão", which is made in a local alembic in Alto Perequê and known throughout whole region.

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